钢结构基本知识，钢构人必备

Basic knowledge of steel structure, necessary for steel constructors

1.钢结构的材料选用原则

1. Material Selection Principles of Steel Structures

钢结构的材料选用原则是保证承重结构的承载能力和防止在一定条件下出现脆性破坏，根据结构的重要性、荷载特征、结构形式、应力状态、连接方法、钢材厚度和工作环境等因素综合考虑的。

The material selection principle of steel structure is to ensure the bearing capacity of load-bearing structure and prevent brittle failure under certain conditions. It is comprehensively considered according to the importance of structure, load characteristics, structural form, stress state, connection method, steel thickness and working environment.

2.主要钢结构技术内容

2. Main Technical Contents of Steel Structures

钢构件质轻延性好，可采用焊接型钢或轧制型钢，适用于超高建层建筑；劲性钢筋混凝土构件刚度大，防火性能好，适用于中高层建筑或底部结构；钢管混凝土施工简便，仅用于柱结构。

Steel members are light and ductile, and can be welded or rolled sections, which are suitable for super high-rise buildings; stiff reinforced concrete members have high stiffness and good fire resistance, which are suitable for middle and high-rise buildings or bottom structures; concrete filled steel tubes are easy to construct and are only used for column structures.

空间钢结构自重轻、刚度大、造型美观，施工速度快。以钢管为杆件的球节点平板网架、多层变截面网架及网壳等是我国空间钢结构用量最大的结构型式。

Space steel structure has light weight, large stiffness, beautiful shape and fast construction speed. The spherical joint flat grid, multi-layer variable cross-section grid and reticulated shell with steel pipe as member are the most widely used structural types of space steel structures in China.

伴随着轻型彩色钢板制成墙体和屋面围护结构组成的新结构形式。现已有标准化的设计程序和专业化生产企业，产品质量好，安装速度快，重量轻，投资少，施工不受季节限制，适用于各种轻型工业厂房。

With the light color steel plate made into wall and roof enclosure structure, a new structural form is formed. Now there are standardized design procedures and specialized production enterprises, which have good product quality, fast installation speed, light weight, less investment, and no seasonal constraints on construction. They are suitable for all kinds of light industrial plants.

高强螺栓是通过磨擦力来传递应力，由螺栓、螺母和垫圈三部分组成。高强螺栓连接施工简便、拆除灵活、承载力高、抗疲劳性能和自锁性好、安全性高等优点，工程中已取代了铆接和部分焊接，成为钢结构制作及安装中的主要连接手段。

High-strength bolts transmit stress through friction force, which consists of bolts, nuts and washers. High-strength bolt connection has the advantages of simple construction, flexible demolition, high bearing capacity, good fatigue resistance, self-locking and high safety. Riveting and partial welding have been replaced in engineering, and it has become the main connecting means in the manufacture and installation of steel structures.

钢结构防护包括防火、防腐、防锈，一般是采用在防火涂料处理后无lfyanglao.75ix.comjingshuiq.75ix.com kongtiaox.75ix.com jiaquant.75ix.com suningji.75ix.comwendingji.75ix.com 需再作防锈处理，但在有腐蚀气体的建筑中尚需作防腐处理。在施工中应根据钢结构型式、耐火等级要求及环境要求选用合适的涂料及涂层厚度。

The protection of steel structure includes fire protection, corrosion protection and rust prevention. It is generally adopted that the steel structure is treated with fire-proof coatings without lfyanglao.75ix.comjingshuiq.75ix.com kongtiaox.75ix.com jiaquant.75ix.com suningji.75ix.comwendingji.75ix.com, but it still needs to be treated with corrosion protection in buildings with corrosive gases. In construction, appropriate coatings and coating thickness should be selected according to steel structure type, fire-resistant grade and environmental requirements.

钢结构的连接方法

Connection method of steel structure

焊缝连接是通过电弧产生的热量使焊条和焊件局部熔化，经冷却凝结成焊缝，从而将焊件连接成为一体。不削弱构件截面，节约钢材，构造简单，制造方便，连接刚度大，密封性能好，在一定条件下易于采用自动化作业，生产效率高。

Weld joining is to melt the welding rod and parts locally by the heat generated by the arc, and then solidify them into welds by cooling, thus joining the welding parts into one. It does not weaken the cross section of components, saves steel, has simple structure, convenient manufacture, large connection stiffness and good sealing performance. It is easy to use automatic operation under certain conditions and has high production efficiency.

螺栓连接是通过螺栓这种紧固件把连接件连接成为一体。 螺栓连接分普通螺栓连接和高强度螺栓连接两种。施工工艺简单、安装方便，特别适用于工地安装连接，也便于拆卸，适用于需要装拆结构和临时性连接。

Bolt connection is a fastener that connects the connectors into one. There are two kinds of bolt connection: ordinary bolt connection and high strength bolt connection. The construction technology is simple and easy to install. It is especially suitable for site installation and connection. It is also convenient for disassembly. It is also suitable for structures requiring assembly and disassembly and temporary connection.

铆钉连接是将一端带有半圆形预制钉头的铆钉，将钉杆烧红后迅速插入连接件的钉孔中，然后用铆钉枪将另一端也打铆成钉头，以使连接达到紧固。铆接传力可靠，塑性、韧性均较好，质量易于检查和保证，可用于重型和直接承受动力荷载的结构。

Rivet connection is a rivet with semi-circular prefabricated nail head at one end. After burning the nail rod red, the rivet rod is quickly inserted into the nail hole of the connecting part. Then the rivet gun is used to rivet the other end into a rivet head, so that the connection can be tightened. Riveting transmission is reliable, plasticity and toughness are good, quality is easy to check and ensure, can be used for heavy and direct bearing dynamic load structure.